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| This stunning book proves that most of "World History" is fiction! |
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| TOC vol. I,II,III, IV | ||||||
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History: Fiction or Science? By Anatoly T. Fomenko
Secure Transaction or call toll free 1(800)247-6553 |
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THE CHRONOLOGY ISSUEBy Dr Prof A.T.FOMENKO et al "History is a pack of lies about events that never happened told
by people who weren't there." The British Encyclopaedia names Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) as the founder of the consensual chronology we live with. Scaliger had considered himself a great mathematician and boasted to have solved the classical “ancient” mathematical ‘Quadrature of Circle’ problem that was subsequently proven insoluble. His principal works Opus Novum de emendatione temporum (1583) and Thesaurum temporum (1606) represent a vast array of dates produced without any justification whatsoever, containing the repeating sequences of dates with shifts equal to multiples of the major cabbalistic numbers 333 and 360. Numerology was considered a major science then and J.J.Scaliger was a prominent cabbalist of his time. The English philosopher William Ockham (allegedly 1225-1279 AD) said: "entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity". `Ockham’s razor` applied to history leaves us with a vision of humankind where civilization comes into being in the VIII- X centuries at the earliest, if civilization is understood as a hierarchical system consisting of state, army, ideology, religion, communication and writing. Neither J.J.Scaliger nor his followers, clergy or humanists have paid much attention to Ockham’s law when they crafted Roman and Greek Antiquity. Their clients were condottieri upstarts who were seeking legitimacy in days of yore in order to become Popes, Cardinals or to found regal dynasties such as the Medici. They paid exceedingly well for a glorious but fictitious past. Thorough research shows that there is literally no reliably datable information about events before the VIII century, and that there is only very scarce information originating from the VIII to the X century. As a matter of fact, most events of “Ancient” History took place from the XI to the XVI century, were replicated on paper in 1400-1600 AD, and positioned under different labels in an imaginary past. We have cross-checked archaeological, astronomical, dendro-chronological, paleo-graphical and radiocarbon methods of dating of ancient sources and artefacts. We found them ALL to be non-independent, non-exact, statistically implausible, contradictory and inevitably viciously circular because they are based or calibrated on the same consensual chronology. Unbelievable as it may seem, there is not a single piece of firm written evidence or artefact that could be reliably and independently dated earlier than the XI century. Classical history is firmly based on copies made in the XV-XVII centuries of 'unfortunately lost' originals. Our theory simply returns the Chronology of World History to the realm of applied mathematics from which it was sequestrated by the clergy in the XVI-XVII centuries. We have developed a valid and verifiable method of historical research based on statistics, astronomy and logic. For example, computer assisted recalculation of eclipses with detailed descriptions allegedly belonging to Antiquity shows that they either occurred in the Middle Ages or didn't occur at all. A simple application of computational astronomy to the rules of calculation of Easter according to the Easter Book introduced by the Nicean council of alleged 325 AD shows that it definitely could not have taken place before 784 AD. Some related questions may arise: when and where was Jesus Christ born, when was He crucified? Was The Old Testament compiled before or after the New One, etc..? No, the New Chronology theory does not cancel events, artefacts, Pyramids, Great Walls, etc..etc, but points to their more probable positions on the time axis. The consensual chronology we live with was essentially crafted in the XVI century from the contradictory mix of innumerable copies of ancient Latin and Greek manuscripts (all originals have mysteriously disappeared) and the "proofs" delivered by the late mediaeval astronomers, cemented by the authority of writings of the Church Fathers. New Chronology theory complies with the most rigid scientific standards: New Chronology goes by the following basic axioms: Saint Augustine was quite prescient when he said: "History: Fiction or Science?", leads You step by step to the inevitable conclusion that the classical chronology is false and therefore, that the classical history of ancient and medieval world, is also FALSE. Learn how and why the history of Ancient Rome and Greece, Egypt and Persia were invented and paraphernalia crafted during Renaissance. Discover the Old Testament as a veiled rendition of events of Middle Ages written centuries after the New Testament. Perceive the Crusaders as contemporaries of The Crucifixion punishing the tormentors of the Messiah. What if Jesus Christ was born in 1053 and crucified in 1086 AD? History: Fiction or Science? Has history been tampered with? Yes, it has! Did events and eras such as the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the Roman Empire , the Dark Ages, and the Renaissance, actually occur within a very different chronology from what we've been told? Yes, they certainly did! The history of humankind is both drastically shorter and dramatically different than generally presumed. Why is it so? On one hand, it was usual custom to justify the claims to title and land by age and ancestry, and on the other the court historians knew only too well how to please their masters. The so called universal classic world history is a pack of intricate lies for all events prior to the 16th century. World history as we learn it today was entirely fabricated in the 16th-18th centuries. It's likely that nobody told you before, but there is not a single piece of firm written evidence or artefact that is reliably and independently dated prior to the 11th century. Naturally, after what you've learned in school and university, you will not easily believe that the classical history of ancient Rome, Greece, Asia, Egypt, China, Japan, India, etc., is manifestly false. You will point accusing finger to the gigantic pyramids in Egypt, to the Coliseum in Rome and Great Wall of China etc., and claim, aren't they really ancient, thousands of years ancient? Well, there is no valid scientific proof that they are older than 1000 years! The oldest original written document that can be reliably unambiguously dated belongs to the 11th century! All dirty and worn out originals have somehow disappeared in the Dark Ages, as illiterate but clever monks kept only brand new copies. We learn of gigantic pyramids and sinister castles, kings and queens, dukes and barons, powerful heroes and beautiful ladies, emaciated saints and low-life traitors. We are caught up in tales of cruel wars, merciless Roman legions, noble knights, crusades and contests. We are thrilled by perilous sea voyages and discoveries, passions and adventures. What an exciting journey it is! As we grow up, our love of history grows stronger too. We watch megalomaniac breathtaking Hollywood productions, read historical fiction, buy glossy expensive books about mysteries, admire archaeological finds, go to museums, and travel to Egypt , Rome , Greece and China . Yes, now we understand it all so much better, the universal history of humanity, and the rise and fall of civilizations. The history of humanity began so very-very long ago. Per ternia ad astra! There is too much fantasy to be found in history. The ancient history of Antiquity and the Middle Ages is an enormous edifice of unspeakable perfection and beauty literally left hanging in the air. It simply has no proven and reliable scientific dated documentary foundation. The version of World history generally accepted today is based on presumptions. You might rightfully object that there are innumerable historical documents, manuscripts, ancient papyri, parchments, old and not so old books, buzzing with references to, from and about the past. There appears to be enough historical material to easily reconstruct completely the glorious past! Yes, there are more than enough ‘documents’ to blind you forever; enough to lead you astray from the paths of sound reason and logic. Yes, there is enough material to generate a further dazzling Hollywood blockbusters, such as “Gladiator”, “Troy”, “Alexander” with the convincing acting of Russell Crow or Brad Pitt; enough sizzling ideas for a further barnburners like “Da Vinci code”. Everyone wrongly presumes that the reconstruction of the past is simple. One takes an ancient chronicle, translates it into contemporary language, and that's it. History is reconstructed as new. Alas, that is not so! Ancient history is first of all, a written history based on the following sources: documents, manuscripts, printed books, paintings, monuments and artifacts. When a school textbook tells us that Genghis Khan or Alexander the Great in years X, Y, Z have each conquered half of the world, it means only that it is so said in some of the written sources. Seemingly simple questions do not always have clear, unambiguous answers. When were these sources written? Where and by whom were they found? For each of those two questions, the answers are very complex and require in-depth research to reflect the true answers and historical events. It is further presumed that there are numerous carefully preserved ancient and medieval chronicles available, written by Genghis Khan's or Alexander the Great contemporaries and eyewitnesses to their fantastic conquests, which are kept today in the National Library of Mongolia or Greece; in the Library of Congress or in the private collection of Microsoft. That also, is not so. Only fairly recent sources of information are available, having been written hundreds or even thousands of years after the events. In most cases they have been written in the XVI-XVIII centuries, or even later. As a rule, these sources suffered considerable multiple manipulations, falsifications and distortions by editing. At the same time, innumerable originals of ancient documents under pretext of heresy were destroyed in Europe. Of course, some real events were the source of most written documents, even those that were later falsified and manipulated. However, the same real event could have been described in chronicles by authors writing in different languages and having contradictory points of view. There are many cases where such are plainly unrecognizable as the same event. The names of persons and geographical sites often changed meaning and location during the course of the centuries. The exact same name could take on an entirely different meaning in different historical epochs. Geographical locations were clearly defined on maps, only with the advent of printing. This made possible the circulation of identical copies of the same map for purposes in the fields of the military, navigation, education and governance, etc. Before the invention of printed maps, each original map was a unique work of art, both non-exact and contradictory. Historians from Oxford say: «... everybody knows that Julius Caesar lived in the first century B.C. Do you really doubt it?» Yes, we really do. For us, this statement is only a point of view that is dominant today. But it is only one of many possible points of view until the fact is proven. In turn, we will also ask these historians some simple questions: where did you get your information? from a textbook? That’s not good enough. Who was the first to say that Julius Caesar lived in the first century B.C.? What book, document and/or manuscript can you quote as a primary source? Who is the author of this source? When was this primary source written down, if you please? We do not accept «the textbook says so» type of answer as proof. As soon as you dig for proof slightly deeper than the school textbook, the adamant grounds for the totally and utterly dominant point of view suddenly evaporate. The whole world community of professional historians will not be able to come with up irrefutable documentary proof that Julius Caesar ever existed, be it on paper, papyri, parchment or stone. Same story for all great names of Antiquity. The proof is unavailable! Cambridge historians say: “here is the ancient chronicle written in the twelfth century A.D., which clearly says, 'Julius Caesar lived in the first century B.C. '.” But what proves that this chronicle was written in the twelfth century and not in the seventeenth century? Is your written source scientifically dated? The fact that bronze (or plastic panel made in the twenty-first century with the lettering: “Temple of Jupiter built in I century B.C. by the personal command of the Great Magnificent Caesar the Emperor of Rome” is hanging on the ancient looking edifice is not irrefutable proof of when, why, or what it was built for, even if the building is located in Rome, Italy. Indeed, the dating of the chronicle from the twelfth century has to be proven. That is where the buck stops. The historians are unable to prove the date of the writing of their «old» written sources or produce independent datings of any ancient artifacts. For the last 300 years they have been successfully selling to the public ancient looking coins minted in recent day, with a tails inscription of “coined in 2000 B.C.” and heads inscribed with the portrait of Jesus Christ. Better than that - most of the rare sources that survived to our day and can be reliably dated back to the X-XIV centuries do not show the polished textbook picture of classical history. They show a picture utterly different. Therefore such witnesses and sources are not admissible to the orderly court of history! Learned historians say that such sources are primitive and full of errors, wrong names and locations, chronologically impossible situations, etc .. They claim these sources are unfortunate concoctions of half illiterate monks, hermits and travellers - therefore they cannot be accepted to the sacred temple of universal classical history. The existing methods of dating of old and ancient sources and artifacts are both non-exact and contradictory. This is unfortunately the case for archeaological, dendro-chronological, paleaographical and carbon dating. Judge for yourself. Archeological dating: But, one day the archaeologists in Sweden find additional "peculiar" buttons in a dig of the fairly recent dolmen burial of King Bjorn (born 953 A D), irrefutably dated by the 10th century A D . Therefore, "peculiar" button “proves” that King Bjorn lived 2500 years ago and burial dolmen proves that he was buried 1500 years later? Not so logical anymore. Archaeologists call such a case a "mystery" – and .. sweep it under the carpet. Forget about logic! Archaeological dating therefore is by definition completely and inevitably subjective. Radio-carbon method: At present the c14 dating procedure runs as follows: archaeologist sends an artefact to a radiocarbon dating laboratory with his idea of the age of the object. Laboratory complies and makes required radio dating, confirming the date suggested by archaeologist. Everybody’s happy: lab makes money by making an expensive test, archaeologist by reaping the laurels for his earth shattering discovery. The in-built low precision of this method allows cooking scientifically looking results desired by the customer archaeologist. General public doesn’t realize that it was duped again. In general the archaeological artefacts are submitted to carbon 14 laboratories not to find the true age of the artefact, but to rubberstamp age suggested by the historians. Dendrochronological method: The strange thing is that all proofs relative to all historically important names and events of ancient history have first appeared in sources such as, documents, books and manuscripts that can be reliably dated only as late as the XVI-XVIII centuries. These books and manuscripts are full of references to, from and about the older books, documents and manuscripts, which have all mysteriously disappeared! There is not a single reliably dated original ancient contemporary source. Sic! What a mystery/thriller, indeed. Even a flatfoot policeman, aspiring to become detective by correspondence, will smell something fishy here. Wouldn't you? Why is this so? Until the contrary is proved, it is only one of the possible versions. This version is based on a «chronological hypothesis», formulated for first time by the chronologists and historians Joseph Scaliger (1540-1609) and Dionysus Petavius (1583-1652). Their chronology is about as irrefutable as the quadrature of the circle of which Joseph Scaliger was an anecdotic, but ferocious protagonist. Genuflect and admire the Almagest, which lies as the foundation to the entire edifice of contemporary chronology! It is supposed to have been written in the II century AD by Ptolemy, the founding father of astronomy. This presumably antediluvian tractate catalogues 1028 observable stars with a precision of 10'-15' (arc minutes) of longitude. Now, the rotation of the Earth makes the night sky make a turn of 1 arc degree every four minutes. One arc degree consists of 60 arc minutes, which means that the sky rotation speed equals 15' (arc minutes) per one minute of time. Ptolemy's precise measurements were too precise to have been performed with the existing instruments of that time. either a sundial, a clepsydra, or an hourglass. Could he have used his Grandfather's Swiss chronometer that had a minute hand? This seems most improbable considering that minute hands are a novelty introduced to clocks as recently as 1550 AD. Another solid pillar of universal history is the Bronze Age, that has supposedly taken place 3-5 thousands of years ago. Now, to make bronze you need 90% copper and 10% tin. Simple. Yes, but the technology for tin extraction dates back as late as 14 th century A.D. The Scaliger chronologists did not bother to consult a chemist. They have been driven by altogether different considerations, neither caring much for tin, nor indeed for science itself! As a result, 'ancient' Greek heroes (like Brad Pitt in «Troy») happily hack at each other with bronze swords that need tin for their manufacture, but which has not been discovered as yet ! Explore, and, step by step, you will find sufficient proof to reach the inevitable conclusion that the classical Scaliger-Petavius chronology is false and therefore, that the history of ancient and medieval world universally accepted today, is also false. After reading this book you will certainly have a fresh and very suspicious outlook on everything said or printed about "ancient" and "enigmatic" Roman, Greek and Egyptian, medieval as well as all other "lost and found" civilizations. Henry Ford once said: "History is more or less bunk! ". Prominent mathematician Anatoly Fomenko proved it. |
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